docs: add predicate columns feature design

[Rustin170506]

What problem does this PR solve?

Issue Number: ref #53567

Problem Summary:

What changed and how does it work?

Added the design doc for the predicate columns feature.

Rendered

Check List

Tests

• Unit test
• Integration test
• Manual test (add detailed scripts or steps below)
• No need to test

  • I checked and no code files have been changed.

Side effects

• Performance regression: Consumes more CPU
• Performance regression: Consumes more Memory
• Breaking backward compatibility

Documentation

• Affects user behaviors
• Contains syntax changes
• Contains variable changes
• Contains experimental features
• Changes MySQL compatibility

Release note

Please refer to Release Notes Language Style Guide to write a quality release note.

None

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[APPROVALNOTIFIER] This PR is APPROVED

This pull-request has been approved by: hawkingrei, songrijie, time-and-fate

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[LGTM Timeline notifier]

Timeline:

• 2024-06-18 07:18:03.658365888 +0000 UTC m=+99210.143854720: ☑️ agreed by hawkingrei.
• 2024-06-18 08:38:53.11176704 +0000 UTC m=+104059.597255874: ☑️ agreed by time-and-fate.