This module provides an object type which efficiently represents an array of booleans. Bitarrays are sequence types and behave very much like usual lists. Eight bits are represented by one byte in a contiguous block of memory. The user can select between two representations: little-endian and big-endian. All of the functionality is implemented in C. Methods for accessing the machine representation are provided. This can be useful when bit level access to binary files is required, such as portable bitmap image files (.pbm). Also, when dealing with compressed data which uses variable bit length encoding, you may find this module useful.
- All functionality implemented in C.
- Bitarray objects behave very much like a list object, in particular slicing (including slice assignment and deletion) is supported.
- The bit endianness can be specified for each bitarray object, see below.
- Packing and unpacking to other binary data formats, e.g. numpy.ndarray is possible.
- Fast methods for encoding and decoding variable bit length prefix codes
- Bitwise operations:
&
,|
,^
,&=
,|=
,^=
,~
- Sequential search
- Pickling and unpickling of bitarray objects.
- Bitarray objects support the buffer protocol (Python 2.7 and above)
- On 32-bit systems, a bitarray object can contain up to 2^34 elements, that is 16 Gbits (on 64-bit machines up to 2^63 elements in theory).
Bitarray can be installed from source:
$ tar xzf bitarray-1.4.2.tar.gz
$ cd bitarray-1.4.2
$ python setup.py install
On Unix systems, the latter command may have to be executed with root privileges. You can also pip install bitarray. Once you have installed the package, you may want to test it:
$ python -c 'import bitarray; bitarray.test()'
bitarray is installed in: /usr/local/lib/python2.7/site-packages/bitarray
bitarray version: 1.4.2
3.7.4 (r271:86832, Dec 29 2018) [GCC 4.2.1 (SUSE Linux)]
.........................................................................
.........................................................................
..............................
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Ran 230 tests in 0.889s
OK
You can always import the function test,
and test().wasSuccessful()
will return True
when the test went well.
As mentioned above, bitarray objects behave very much like lists, so there is not too much to learn. The biggest difference from list objects (except that bitarray are obviously homogeneous) is the ability to access the machine representation of the object. When doing so, the bit endianness is of importance; this issue is explained in detail in the section below. Here, we demonstrate the basic usage of bitarray objects:
>>> from bitarray import bitarray
>>> a = bitarray() # create empty bitarray
>>> a.append(True)
>>> a.extend([False, True, True])
>>> a
bitarray('1011')
Bitarray objects can be instantiated in different ways:
>>> a = bitarray(2**20) # bitarray of length 1048576 (uninitialized)
>>> bitarray('1001011') # from a string
bitarray('1001011')
>>> lst = [True, False, False, True, False, True, True]
>>> bitarray(lst) # from list, tuple, iterable
bitarray('1001011')
Bits can be assigned from any Python object, if the value can be interpreted as a truth value. You can think of this as Python's built-in function bool() being applied, whenever casting an object:
>>> a = bitarray([42, '', True, {}, 'foo', None])
>>> a
bitarray('101010')
>>> a.append(a) # note that bool(a) is True
>>> a.count(42) # counts occurrences of True (not 42)
4
>>> a.remove('') # removes first occurrence of False
>>> a
bitarray('110101')
Like lists, bitarray objects support slice assignment and deletion:
>>> a = bitarray(50)
>>> a.setall(False)
>>> a[11:37:3] = 9 * bitarray([True])
>>> a
bitarray('00000000000100100100100100100100100100000000000000')
>>> del a[12::3]
>>> a
bitarray('0000000000010101010101010101000000000')
>>> a[-6:] = bitarray('10011')
>>> a
bitarray('000000000001010101010101010100010011')
>>> a += bitarray('000111')
>>> a[9:]
bitarray('001010101010101010100010011000111')
In addition, slices can be assigned to booleans, which is easier (and faster) than assigning to a bitarray in which all values are the same:
>>> a = 20 * bitarray('0')
>>> a[1:15:3] = True
>>> a
bitarray('01001001001001000000')
This is easier and faster than:
>>> a = 20 * bitarray('0')
>>> a[1:15:3] = 5 * bitarray('1')
>>> a
bitarray('01001001001001000000')
Note that in the latter we have to create a temporary bitarray whose length must be known or calculated.
Since a bitarray allows addressing of individual bits, where the machine represents 8 bits in one byte, there are two obvious choices for this mapping: little- and big-endian. When creating a new bitarray object, the endianness can always be specified explicitly:
>>> a = bitarray(endian='little')
>>> a.frombytes(b'A')
>>> a
bitarray('10000010')
>>> b = bitarray('11000010', endian='little')
>>> b.tobytes()
b'C'
Here, the low-bit comes first because little-endian means that increasing
numeric significance corresponds to an increasing address (index).
So a[0]
is the lowest and least significant bit, and a[7]
is the
highest and most significant bit.
>>> a = bitarray(endian='big')
>>> a.frombytes(b'A')
>>> a
bitarray('01000001')
>>> a[6] = 1
>>> a.tobytes()
b'C'
Here, the high-bit comes first because big-endian
means "most-significant first".
So a[0]
is now the lowest and most significant bit, and a[7]
is the
highest and least significant bit.
The bit endianness is a property attached to each bitarray object. When comparing bitarray objects, the endianness (and hence the machine representation) is irrelevant; what matters is the mapping from indices to bits:
>>> bitarray('11001', endian='big') == bitarray('11001', endian='little')
True
Bitwise operations (&
, |
, ^
, &=
, |=
, ^=
, ~
) are implemented
efficiently using the corresponding byte operations in C, i.e. the operators
act on the machine representation of the bitarray objects.
Therefore, one has to be cautious when applying the operation to bitarrays
with different endianness.
When converting to and from machine representation, using
the tobytes
, frombytes
, tofile
and fromfile
methods,
the endianness matters:
>>> a = bitarray(endian='little')
>>> a.frombytes(b'\x01')
>>> a
bitarray('10000000')
>>> b = bitarray(endian='big')
>>> b.frombytes(b'\x80')
>>> b
bitarray('10000000')
>>> a == b
True
>>> a.tobytes() == b.tobytes()
False
The endianness can not be changed once an object is created. However, since creating a bitarray from another bitarray just copies the memory representing the data, you can create a new bitarray with different endianness:
>>> a = bitarray('11100000', endian='little')
>>> a
bitarray('11100000')
>>> b = bitarray(a, endian='big')
>>> b
bitarray('00000111')
>>> a == b
False
>>> a.tobytes() == b.tobytes()
True
The default bit endianness is currently big-endian, however this may change in the future, and when dealing with the machine representation of bitarray objects, it is recommended to always explicitly specify the endianness.
Unless explicitly converting to machine representation, using
the tobytes
, frombytes
, tofile
and fromfile
methods,
the bit endianness will have no effect on any computation, and one
can safely ignore setting the endianness, and other details of this section.
Python 2.7 provides memoryview objects, which allow Python code to access the internal data of an object that supports the buffer protocol without copying. Bitarray objects support this protocol, with the memory being interpreted as simple bytes.
>>> a = bitarray('01000001' '01000010' '01000011', endian='big')
>>> v = memoryview(a)
>>> len(v)
3
>>> v[-1]
67
>>> v[:2].tobytes()
b'AB'
>>> v.readonly # changing a bitarray's memory is also possible
False
>>> v[1] = 111
>>> a
bitarray('010000010110111101000011')
The method encode
takes a dictionary mapping symbols to bitarrays
and an iterable, and extends the bitarray object with the encoded symbols
found while iterating. For example:
>>> d = {'H':bitarray('111'), 'e':bitarray('0'),
... 'l':bitarray('110'), 'o':bitarray('10')}
...
>>> a = bitarray()
>>> a.encode(d, 'Hello')
>>> a
bitarray('111011011010')
Note that the string 'Hello'
is an iterable, but the symbols are not
limited to characters, in fact any immutable Python object can be a symbol.
Taking the same dictionary, we can apply the decode
method which will
return a list of the symbols:
>>> a.decode(d)
['H', 'e', 'l', 'l', 'o']
>>> ''.join(a.decode(d))
'Hello'
Since symbols are not limited to being characters, it is necessary to return them as elements of a list, rather than simply returning the joined string.
bitarray(initializer=0, /, endian='big')
-> bitarray
Return a new bitarray object whose items are bits initialized from the optional initial object, and endianness. The initializer may be of the following types:
int
: Create a bitarray of given integer length. The initial values are
arbitrary. If you want all values to be set, use the .setall() method.
str
: Create bitarray from a string of 0
and 1
.
list
, tuple
, iterable
: Create bitarray from a sequence, each
element in the sequence is converted to a bit using its truth value.
bitarray
: Create bitarray from another bitarray. This is done by
copying the memory holding the bitarray data, and is hence very fast.
The optional keyword arguments endian
specifies the bit endianness of the
created bitarray object.
Allowed values are the strings big
and little
(default is big
).
Note that setting the bit endianness only has an effect when accessing the machine representation of the bitarray, i.e. when using the methods: tofile, fromfile, tobytes, frombytes.
A bitarray object supports the following methods:
all()
-> bool
Returns True when all bits in the array are True.
any()
-> bool
Returns True when any bit in the array is True.
append(item, /)
Append the truth value bool(item)
to the end of the bitarray.
buffer_info()
-> tuple
Return a tuple (address, size, endianness, unused, allocated) giving the memory address of the bitarray's data, the size (in bytes) used to hold the bitarray's contents, the bit endianness as a string, the number of unused bits in the last bytes, and the size (in bytes) of the allocated memory.
bytereverse()
For all bytes representing the bitarray, reverse the bit order (in-place). Note: This method changes the actual machine values representing the bitarray; it does not change the endianness of the bitarray object.
clear()
Remove all items from the bitarray.
copy()
-> bitarray
Return a copy of the bitarray.
count(value=True, start=0, stop=<end of array>, /)
-> int
Count the number of occurrences of bool(value) in the bitarray.
decode(code, /)
-> list
Given a prefix code (a dict mapping symbols to bitarrays), decode the content of the bitarray and return it as a list of symbols.
encode(code, iterable, /)
Given a prefix code (a dict mapping symbols to bitarrays), iterate over the iterable object with symbols, and extend the bitarray with the corresponding bitarray for each symbol.
endian()
-> str
Return the bit endianness as a string (either little
or big
).
extend(iterable or string, /)
Extend bitarray by appending the truth value of each element given
by iterable. If a string is provided, each 0
and 1
are appended
as bits.
fill()
-> int
Adds zeros to the end of the bitarray, such that the length of the bitarray will be a multiple of 8. Returns the number of bits added (0..7).
frombytes(bytes, /)
Extend bitarray with raw bytes. That is, each append byte will add eight bits to the bitarray.
fromfile(f, n=-1, /)
Extend bitarray with up to n bytes read from the file object f. When n is omitted or negative, reads all data until EOF. When n is provided and positions but exceeds the data available, EOFError is raised (but the available data is still read and appended.
index(value, start=0, stop=<end of array>, /)
-> int
Return index of the first occurrence of bool(value)
in the bitarray.
Raises ValueError
if the value is not present.
insert(index, value, /)
Insert bool(value)
into the bitarray before index.
invert()
Invert all bits in the array (in-place), i.e. convert each 1-bit into a 0-bit and vice versa.
iterdecode(code, /)
-> iterator
Given a prefix code (a dict mapping symbols to bitarrays), decode the content of the bitarray and return an iterator over the symbols.
itersearch(bitarray, /)
-> iterator
Searches for the given a bitarray in self, and return an iterator over the start positions where bitarray matches self.
length()
-> int
Return the length, i.e. number of bits stored in the bitarray.
This method is preferred over __len__
(used when typing len(a)
),
since __len__
will fail for a bitarray object with 2^31 or more elements
on a 32bit machine, whereas this method will return the correct value,
on 32bit and 64bit machines.
pack(bytes, /)
Extend the bitarray from bytes, where each byte corresponds to a single
bit. The byte b'\x00'
maps to bit 0 and all other characters map to
bit 1.
This method, as well as the unpack method, are meant for efficient
transfer of data between bitarray objects to other python objects
(for example NumPy's ndarray object) which have a different memory view.
pop(index=-1, /)
-> item
Return the i-th (default last) element and delete it from the bitarray.
Raises IndexError
if bitarray is empty or index is out of range.
remove(value, /)
Remove the first occurrence of bool(value)
in the bitarray.
Raises ValueError
if item is not present.
reverse()
Reverse the order of bits in the array (in-place).
search(bitarray, limit=<none>, /)
-> list
Searches for the given bitarray in self, and return the list of start positions. The optional argument limits the number of search results to the integer specified. By default, all search results are returned.
setall(value, /)
Set all bits in the bitarray to bool(value)
.
sort(reverse=False)
Sort the bits in the array (in-place).
to01()
-> str
Return a string containing '0's and '1's, representing the bits in the bitarray object.
tobytes()
-> bytes
Return the byte representation of the bitarray. When the length of the bitarray is not a multiple of 8, the few remaining bits (1..7) are considered to be 0.
tofile(f, /)
Write the byte representation of the bitarray to the file object f. When the length of the bitarray is not a multiple of 8, the remaining bits (1..7) are set to 0.
tolist()
-> list
Return a list with the items (False or True) in the bitarray. Note that the list object being created will require 32 or 64 times more memory (depending on the machine architecture) than the bitarray object, which may cause a memory error if the bitarray is very large.
unpack(zero=b'\x00', one=b'\xff')
-> bytes
Return bytes containing one character for each bit in the bitarray, using the specified mapping.
frozenbitarray(initializer=0, /, endian='big')
-> frozenbitarray
Return a frozenbitarray object, which is initialized the same way a bitarray object is initialized. A frozenbitarray is immutable and hashable. Its contents cannot be altered after is created; however, it can be used as a dictionary key.
test(verbosity=1, repeat=1)
-> TextTestResult
Run self-test, and return unittest.runner.TextTestResult object.
bits2bytes(n, /)
-> int
Return the number of bytes necessary to store n bits.
get_default_endian()
-> string
Return the default endianness for new bitarray objects being created.
Under normal circumstances, the return value is big
.
zeros(length, /, endian=None)
-> bitarray
Create a bitarray of length, with all values 0, and optional endianness, which may be 'big', 'lillte'.
make_endian(bitarray, endian, /)
-> bitarray
When the endianness of the given bitarray is different from endian
,
return a new bitarray, with endianness endian
and the same elements
as the original bitarray, i.e. even though the binary representation of the
new bitarray will be different, the returned bitarray will equal the original
one.
Otherwise (endianness is already endian
) the original bitarray is returned
unchanged.
rindex(bitarray, value=True, /)
-> int
Return the rightmost index of bool(value)
in bitarray.
Raises ValueError
if the value is not present.
strip(bitarray, mode='right', /)
-> bitarray
Strip zeros from left, right or both ends.
Allowed values for mode are the strings: left
, right
, both
count_n(a, n, /)
-> int
Find the smallest index i
for which a[:i].count() == n
.
Raises ValueError
, when n exceeds the a.count()
.
count_and(a, b, /)
-> int
Returns (a & b).count()
, but is more memory efficient,
as no intermediate bitarray object gets created.
count_or(a, b, /)
-> int
Returns (a | b).count()
, but is more memory efficient,
as no intermediate bitarray object gets created.
count_xor(a, b, /)
-> int
Returns (a ^ b).count()
, but is more memory efficient,
as no intermediate bitarray object gets created.
subset(a, b, /)
-> bool
Return True if bitarray a
is a subset of bitarray b
(False otherwise).
subset(a, b)
is equivalent to (a & b).count() == a.count()
but is more
efficient since we can stop as soon as one mismatch is found, and no
intermediate bitarray object gets created.
ba2hex(bitarray, /)
-> hexstr
Return a string containing with hexadecimal representation of the bitarray (which has to be multiple of 4 in length).
hex2ba(hexstr, /, endian=None)
-> bitarray
Bitarray of hexadecimal representation. hexstr may contain any number of hex digits (upper or lower case).
ba2int(bitarray, /)
-> int
Convert the given bitarray into an integer. The bit-endianness of the bitarray is respected.
int2ba(int, /, length=None, endian=None)
-> bitarray
Convert the given integer into a bitarray (with given endianness,
and no leading (big-endian) / trailing (little-endian) zeros).
If length is provided, the result will be of this length, and an
OverflowError
will be raised, if the integer cannot be represented
within length bits.
huffman_code(dict, /, endian=None)
-> dict
Given a frequency map, a dictionary mapping symbols to thier frequency,
calculate the Huffman code, i.e. a dict mapping those symbols to
bitarrays (with given endianness). Note that the symbols may be any
hashable object (including None
).
1.4.2 (2020-07-15):
- add more tests
- C-level:
- simplify pack/unpack code
- fix memory leak in
~
operation (bitarray_cpinvert)
1.4.1 (2020-07-14):
- add official Python 3.9 support
- improve many docstrings
- add DeprecationWarning for
bitdiff()
- add DeprecationWarning when trying to extend bitarrays
from bytes on Python 3 (
bitarrays(b'011')
and.extend(b'110')
) - C-level:
- rewrote
.fromfile()
and.tofile()
implementation, such that now the same code is used for Python 2 and 3. The new implementation is more memoery efficient on Python 3. - use memcmp() in richcompare to shortcut EQ/NE, when comparing two very large bitarrays for equality the speedup can easily be 100x
- simplify how unpacking is handled
- rewrote
- add more tests
1.4.0 (2020-07-11):
- add
.clear()
method (Python 3.3 added this method to lists) - avoid overallocation when bitarray objects are initially created
- raise BufferError when resizing bitarrays which is exporting buffers
- add example to study the resize() function
- improve some error messages
- add more tests
- raise
NotImplementedError
with (useful message) when trying to call the.fromstring()
or.tostring()
methods, which have been removed in the last release
Please find the complete change log here.