Fixed LaTeX error due to encoding

Paper_LaTeX/chapters/chapter01.tex

@@ -4,26 +4,28 @@ \section{History}
 
 \subsection{Renaissance}
 
-The Renaissance is a historical period from 14th to 17th century, which started as a cultural movement in Italy in the Late Medieval period and later spread to the rest of Europe. This period is considered as the bridge between Middle Ages and Modern History. Even though the renaissance had a major impact all over Europe, the spread of its principles was not  made in an uniform fashion. The word Renaissance, literally meaning "Rebirth" in French, first appears in English in the 1830s.
+The Renaissance is a historical period from 14th to 17th century, which started as a cultural movement in Italy in the Late Medieval period and later spread to the rest of Europe. This period is considered as the bridge between Middle Ages and Modern History. Even though the renaissance had a major impact all over Europe, the spread of its principles was not made in an uniform fashion. The word Renaissance, litterally meaning "Rebirth" in French, first appears in English in the 1830s.
 The Renaissance is mostly known for the cultural revival of the principles developed in the ancient Greece and Roman Empire. This revival brought a gradual a widespread educational reform.
 Renaissance had a major role  in politics, its principles being the base of the conventions of diplomacy. In science, the renaissance brought an increased reliance on observation, rather than superstition.
 Even though the renaissance had a major impact in all aspects of life between 14th and 17th century, this historical period is mostly known for the impact it had on arts. The most famous examples are the artistic developments and contributions of such polymaths as Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo, who inspired the term "Renaissance man".
 The Renaissance started in Italy in the 14th century, under the patronage if powerful, dominant families as Medici. The Fall of the Constantinople at the hands of the Ottoman Turks started a migration of Greek scholars towards west. This scholars brought with them the wisdom and knowledge of the ancient Greece and Rome and spread it though the Italian peninsula, in all the major city states, such as Florence, Venice, Genoa, Bologna, Milan and finally Rome, during the Renaissance papacy.
-Renaissance influence was felt in literature, philosophy, art, music, politics, science, religion, and other aspects of intellectual inquiry. Renaissance scholars employed the humanist method in study, and searched for realism and human emotion in art.
+Renaissance influence was felt in literature, philosophy, art, music, politics, science, religion, and other aspects of intellectual inquiry. Renaissance scholars employed the humanist method in study, and searched for realism and human emotion in art.
 Renaissance could be considered as an attempt to study and improve the secular and worldly, both through the revival of ancient ideas and principles, and though new approaches to thoughts.
 Another major influence of the Renaissance was felt in the economy. One of the best example could be the banking system pioneered by the Medici family in Florence. While the great states of Europe, France and Spain were absolutist monarchies and ma other states were under direct papal control, the independent city republics of the Italian peninsula took over the capitalist principles developed on the monastic estates, and set off a vast unprecedented commercial revolution and financed the Renaissance.
-Renaissance Architecture, is the architecture of the period between 15th and 17th century. This period is characterized by a conscious revival and development of ancient Greek and Roman thought and material culture. Stylistically, Renaissance architecture followed Gothic architecture and was succeeded by Baroque architecture.
-"Renaissance style places emphasis on symmetry, proportion, geometry and the regularity of parts as they are demonstrated in the architecture of classical antiquity and in particular ancient Roman architecture, of which many examples remained. Orderly arrangements of columns, pilasters and lintels, as well as the use of semicircular arches, hemispherical domes, niches and aedicules replaced the more complex proportional systems and irregular profiles of medieval buildings."
+
+Renaissance Architecture, is the architecture of the period between 15th and 17th century. This period is characterized by a conscious revival and development of ancient Greek and Roman thought and material culture.
+Stylistically, Renaissance architecture followed Gothic architecture and was succeeded by Baroque architecture.
+
+"Renaissance style places emphasis on symmetry, proportion, geometry and the regularity of parts as they are demonstrated in the architecture of classical antiquity and in particular ancient Roman architecture, of which many examples remained. Orderly arrangements of columns, pilasters and lintels, as well as the use of semicircular arches, hemispherical domes, niches and aedicules replaced the more complex proportional systems and irregular profiles of medieval buildings."
 Renaissance in Germany
-Renaissance arrival in Germany and the Low Countries coincided with the development of the printing press (ca. 1450) and was inspired first by German philosophers and artists such as Albrecht Dürer and Johannes Reuchlin who visited Italy. 
+Renaissance arrival in Germany and the Low Countries coincided with the development of the printing press (ca. 1450) and was inspired first by German philosophers and artists such as Albrecht Dürer and Johannes Reuchlin who visited Italy.
 In the early Protestant regions of the country, the humanism became closely related with the religious turmoil caused by the Protestant Reformation. Various aspects of this turmoil were frequently depicted in the art and the literature from this period. However, the gothic style and medieval scholastic philosophy remained dominant until the turn of the 16th century. With the rise to power of the Emperor Maximilian I of Habsburg (1493-1519), renaissance became the main trend in the land. The emperor was the first truly Renaissance monarch of the Holy Roman Empire, later known as Holy Empire of the German Nation.
-One important early example of renaissance architecture is Landshut Residence. In 1536 Louis X, Duke of Bavaria laid the foundation stone for a new residence in the inner city of Landshut. It was begun in German Renaissance style under the architect Bernhard Zwitzel from Augsburg; this palace is today known as the "German building". During a journey to Italy, the duke got inspiration for an additional building, the so called "Italian building" , which was constructed from 1537 to 1543 in Italian renaissance style.
-Another important example of renaissance architecture in Germany is the Augsburg Town Hall. The Town Hall of Augsburg is the administrative centre of Augsburg, Bavaria, Germany, and one of the most significant secular buildings of the Renaissance style north of the Alps. It was designed and built by Elias Holl, Stadtbaumeister (Master Builder of the town), in 1615–1624. Due to its historic and cultural importance, it is protected by the Hague Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict.
-The largest renaissance church north of the Alps is St. Michael's Church in Munich. St. Michael's Church is a Jesuit church built between 1583 and 1597 by  William V, Duke of Bavaria. The style in which this church was built will have an enormous influence on Southern German early Baroque architecture. This church was built as the spiritual center for the Counter Reformation. In order to build the church and the adjoining collage, Duke William had to pull down 87 houses, ignoring the protests of the citizens.
-A particular form of Renaissance architecture in Germany is the Weser Renaissance, with prominent examples such as the City Hall of Bremen and the Juleum in Helstedt. 
+One important early example of renaissance architecture is Landshut Residence. In 1536 Louis X, Duke of Bavaria laid the foundation stone for a new residence in the inner city of Landshut. It was the beginning of German Renaissance style under the architect Bernhard Zwitzel from Augsburg; this palace is today known as the "German building". During a journey to Italy, the duke got inspiration for an additional building, the so called "Italian building", which was constructed from 1537 to 1543 in Italian renaissance style.
+Another important example of renaissance architecture in Germany is the Augsburg Town Hall. The Town Hall of Augsburg is the administrative centre of Augsburg, Bavaria, Germany, and one of the most significant secular buildings Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict.
+The largest renaissance church north of the Alps is St. Michael's Church in Munich. St. Michael's Church is a Jesuit church built between 1583 and 1597 by Wiliam V, Duke of Bavaria. The style in which this church was built will have an enormous influence on Southern German early Baroque architecture. This church was built as the spiritual center for the Counter Reformation. In order to build the church and the adjoining collage, Duke William had to pull down 87 houses, ignoring the protests of the citizens.
 Weser Renaissance is a style formed around river Weser in central Germany. The style is very well preserved in the towns and cities of that region. 
-Between the start of the Reformation and the Thirty Years War, the Weser region experienced a construction boom, in which the Weser, playing a significant role in the communication of both trade and ideas, merely defined the north-south extent of a cultural region that stretched westwards to the city of Osnabrück and eastwards as far as Wolfsburg. 
-Castles, manor houses, town halls, residential dwellings and religious buildings of the Renaissance period have been preserved in unusually high density, because the economy of the region recovered only slowly from the consequences of the Thirty Years War and the means were not available for a baroque transformation such as that which occurred to a degree in South Germany.
+Between the start of the Reformation and the Thirty Years War, the Weser region experienced a construction boom, in which the Weser, playing a significant role in the communication of both trade and ideas, merely defined the north-south extent of a cultural region that stretched westwards to the city of Osnabrück and eastwards as far as Wolfsburg.
+Castles, manor houses, town halls, residential dwellings and religious buildings of the Renaissance period have been preserved in unusually high density, because the economy of the region recovered only slowly from the consequences of the Thirty Years War and the means were not available for a baroque transformation such as that which occured to a degree in South Germany.
 
 The Pellerhaus
 The Pellerhaus on Egidienplatz 23 in Nuremberg was once considered one of the most magnificent examples of a town house of the German Renaissance achitecture.
@@ -33,9 +35,10 @@ \subsection{Renaissance}
 Between 1931 and 1934 the city starts a reconstruction program for Pellerhaus, restoring to the old grandeur the yard and the rear facade. The detailed plans of the rear facade, drawn for this project survive until today.
 On January 2nd, 1945, Pellerhaus was destroyed in an ally bombing. In fact a huge part of the city was transformed into a leveled surface by bombing and debris removal. 
 The elegant and dignified image of Egidienplatz, is not distorted by the flat-roof building of the City Library built between 1955 and 1957. The new reconstruction project is launched in 1955, only this time it was decided to restore to its former glory only the ground floor. The rest of the building will serve only a pure functional role and serve as a library for many years.
-In 2005 a new initiative was launched, to help with the reconstruction of Pellerhaus. This project is still active today.
-
+In 2005 a new initiative was launched, to help with the reconstruction of Pellerhaus. This project is still active today.\\
+\\
 
+See Wikipedia: \url{http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Renaissance} 
 
 \subsection{Architects}
 

Paper_LaTeX/chapters/chapter02.tex

@@ -110,14 +110,15 @@ \subsection{OpenGL Point Cloud Viewer}
 
 \cite{ytQtOpenGL}
 
-\subsection{Performance Optimization}
-
-
 \subsection{Meshing}
 
-Interdum et malesuada fames ac ante ipsum primis in faucibus. Cras quis pharetra libero. Pellentesque consectetur, quam vel ultrices finibus, sem enim consectetur mi, in dictum tellus leo eu ante. Maecenas consequat egestas erat, in vestibulum velit pulvinar ac. Suspendisse ullamcorper augue sapien, ac suscipit nulla dictum in. Nam sit amet congue ipsum. Aenean non felis malesuada, feugiat lectus a, tincidunt quam. Fusce nec quam egestas, vulputate est in, commodo nisi. Phasellus id nunc sit amet quam iaculis ornare eu id libero. Ut tempor nisi sed est pretium auctor. Donec in nunc turpis. Integer non tristique dolor. Curabitur a elit mollis urna finibus scelerisque sit amet vel erat. Nullam nec maximus erat. Duis ante mi, posuere ut lobortis nec, posuere eu ligula.
+Using the current pixel inside two for-loops in combination with the neighboring pixels to the right, bottom-right and bottom makes up a quad, which can be textured.
+
+\subsection{Texture Coordinates and Normals}
 
+Texture Coordinates go from 0.0 to 1.0 in the x and y direction, respectively. Usually the texture coordinate axes are referred to as s and t. By dividing the current coordinate by the width and the height of the image, respectively, the coordinates can be normalized.
 
+Calculating normals is accomplished by using the cross product of the two vectors forming the current quad.
 
 \subsection{Mesh Exporter}
 
@@ -135,4 +136,37 @@ \subsubsection{.blend}
 
 \subsubsection{custom format}
 
-Even the Blender community suggested to not use the .blend format directly, but rather try a custom binary format. \parencite[compare]{webBlenderArtistsBlendExport}
+Even the Blender community suggested to not use the .blend format directly, but rather try a custom binary format. \parencite[compare]{webBlenderArtistsBlendExport}
+
+
+\subsection{Optimizations}
+
+The initial algorithms and approaches had some flaws, which needed to get eliminated to get a clean mesh out of the converter. Those are presented as follows:
+
+\subsubsection{Flip horizontal direction of panorama}
+
+The panorama is flipped horizontally.
+
+\subsubsection{Panorama pixel depth testing}
+
+It can happen that two points from the point cloud happen to result in the same pixel in the 2D panorama. This might result in a noisy image result, if not handled with care. To avoid any errors, it is important to take only the closest point to the camera, instead of letting every point override the corresponding pixel in the image.
+
+\subsubsection{Panorama noise reduction}
+
+Since there is only a limited number of points, the panorama texture gets quite noisy, especially with a higher resolution option set in the converter. A harsh change from light gray to black values in the depth map will result in a noisy 3D structure as well.
+To solve this issue, the image is blurred by a user setting or automatically (TODO!).
+
+\subsubsection{Remove doubles}
+
+The meshing technique resulted in a very high point count for the .obj file. Example: For a 4x resolution panorama with 2,198,528 vertices, using the "remove doubles" option in Blender 3D automatically removed 2,100,716 vertices.
+Solution: several passes for vertices, texture coordinates and normals (TODO!).
+
+\subsubsection{3D Distortion}
+
+The generated 3D mesh from the 2D panorama results in a distorted one, the more it touches the top.
+Solution: None yet.
+
+\subsubsection{Tiling}
+
+Due to the higher resolution meshes having several megabytes in size and taking some time to import in Blender, this has to be optimized somehow.
+Solution: Create tiles when higher resolution is set. E.g. with a 4x resolution, create four tiles (that's four seperate .obj files).